Ressources pratiques

- Agenda Ã©tudiants
- EncyclopÃ©die Ã©ducative
- Guide des mÃ©tiers
- Le Monde en Fiches
- Fables de la Fontaine
- Histoires
- Citations
- Photos
- Ebooks

Guide Ã©tudiant

- Portes Ouvertes (JPO)
- SoirÃ©es Ã©tudiantes
- Calendrier des Salons
- Questions-rÃ©ponses
- Entrepreneur Ã©tudiant

Liens sÃ©lectionnÃ©s

- Jobs - stages
- Logements - coloc
- Bourses - aides
- SoirÃ©es Ã©tudiantes
- Etudes Ã l'Ã©tranger
- Orientation pro
- Rencontres - sÃ©duction
- Finance - bourse
- Musique - radios

Plus de services

Citations et phrases positives

</p> <p> </center></div> <hr class="space"/><script src="http://connect.facebook.net/fr_FR/all.js#xfbml=1"/><like href="http://eturama.com/citations/?c=9" show_faces="true" width="450" font=""/></div> <hr/> <p> <script type="text/javascript"><![CDATA[ ]]></script><br /> <br /> </p> <hr/> <p><a href="/presentation">Qui sommes-nous</a> - <a href="/faq">FAQ</a> - <a href="/cgu">CGU</a> - <a href="/contact">Contact</a> - <a href="/partenaires">Partenaires</a> - <a href="/plan">Plan</a> - <a href="/jpo">JPO</a><br />Copyright 2007-2011 - Eturama.com LLC - Le portail international des etudiants</p> <hr/> </div> <p><script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" ":"")+e}function v(t,e){nt?t.classList.remove(e):t.className=t.className.replace(new RegExp("(^|\\s+)"+e+"(\\s+|$)")," ").replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"")}function g(t){return t.llTempImage}function b(t,e){!e||(e=e._observer)&&e.unobserve(t)}function p(t,e){t&&(t.loadingCount+=e)}function h(t,e){t&&(t.toLoadCount=e)}function n(t){for(var e,n=[],a=0;e=t.children[a];a+=1)"SOURCE"===e.tagName&&n.push(e);return n}function m(t,e){(t=t.parentNode)&&"PICTURE"===t.tagName&&n(t).forEach(e)}function a(t,e){n(t).forEach(e)}function E(t){return!!t[st]}function I(t){return t[st]}function y(t){return delete t[st]}function A(e,t){var n;E(e)||(n={},t.forEach(function(t){n[t]=e.getAttribute(t)}),e[st]=n)}function k(a,t){var i;E(a)&&(i=I(a),t.forEach(function(t){var e,n;e=a,(t=i[n=t])?e.setAttribute(n,t):e.removeAttribute(n)}))}function L(t,e,n){_(t,e.class_loading),s(t,ut),n&&(p(n,1),f(e.callback_loading,t,n))}function w(t,e,n){n&&t.setAttribute(e,n)}function x(t,e){w(t,ct,l(t,e.data_sizes)),w(t,rt,l(t,e.data_srcset)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}function O(t,e,n){var a=l(t,e.data_bg_multi),i=l(t,e.data_bg_multi_hidpi);(a=at&&i?i:a)&&(t.style.backgroundImage=a,n=n,_(t=t,(e=e).class_applied),s(t,ft),n&&(e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,e),f(e.callback_applied,t,n)))}function N(t,e){!e||0<e.loadingCount||0<e.toLoadCount||f(t.callback_finish,e)}function C(t,e,n){t.addEventListener(e,n),t.llEvLisnrs[e]=n}function M(t){return!!t.llEvLisnrs}function z(t){if(M(t)){var e,n,a=t.llEvLisnrs;for(e in a){var i=a[e];n=e,i=i,t.removeEventListener(n,i)}delete t.llEvLisnrs}}function R(t,e,n){var a;delete t.llTempImage,p(n,-1),(a=n)&&--a.toLoadCount,v(t,e.class_loading),e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,n)}function T(o,r,c){var l=g(o)||o;M(l)||function(t,e,n){M(t)||(t.llEvLisnrs={});var a="VIDEO"===t.tagName?"loadeddata":"load";C(t,a,e),C(t,"error",n)}(l,function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_loaded),s(e,dt),f(n.callback_loaded,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)},function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_error),s(e,_t),f(n.callback_error,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)})}function G(t,e,n){var a,i,o,r,c;t.llTempImage=document.createElement("IMG"),T(t,e,n),E(c=t)||(c[st]={backgroundImage:c.style.backgroundImage}),o=n,r=l(a=t,(i=e).data_bg),c=l(a,i.data_bg_hidpi),(r=at&&c?c:r)&&(a.style.backgroundImage='url("'.concat(r,'")'),g(a).setAttribute(ot,r),L(a,i,o)),O(t,e,n)}function D(t,e,n){var a;T(t,e,n),a=e,e=n,(t=It[(n=t).tagName])&&(t(n,a),L(n,a,e))}function V(t,e,n){var a;a=t,(-1<yt.indexOf(a.tagName)?D:G)(t,e,n)}function F(t,e,n){var a;t.setAttribute("loading","lazy"),T(t,e,n),a=e,(e=It[(n=t).tagName])&&e(n,a),s(t,vt)}function j(t){t.removeAttribute(ot),t.removeAttribute(rt),t.removeAttribute(ct)}function P(t){m(t,function(t){k(t,Et)}),k(t,Et)}function S(t){var e;(e=At[t.tagName])?e(t):E(e=t)&&(t=I(e),e.style.backgroundImage=t.backgroundImage)}function U(t,e){var n;S(t),n=e,u(e=t)||d(e)||(v(e,n.class_entered),v(e,n.class_exited),v(e,n.class_applied),v(e,n.class_loading),v(e,n.class_loaded),v(e,n.class_error)),r(t),y(t)}function $(t,e,n,a){var i;n.cancel_on_exit&&(c(t)!==ut||"IMG"===t.tagName&&(z(t),m(i=t,function(t){j(t)}),j(i),P(t),v(t,n.class_loading),p(a,-1),r(t),f(n.callback_cancel,t,e,a)))}function q(t,e,n,a){var i,o,r=(o=t,0<=pt.indexOf(c(o)));s(t,"entered"),_(t,n.class_entered),v(t,n.class_exited),i=t,o=a,n.unobserve_entered&&b(i,o),f(n.callback_enter,t,e,a),r||V(t,n,a)}function H(t){return t.use_native&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype}function B(t,i,o){t.forEach(function(t){return(a=t).isIntersecting||0<a.intersectionRatio?q(t.target,t,i,o):(e=t.target,n=t,a=i,t=o,void(u(e)||(_(e,a.class_exited),$(e,n,a,t),f(a.callback_exit,e,n,t))));var e,n,a})}function J(e,n){var t;et&&!H(e)&&(n._observer=new IntersectionObserver(function(t){B(t,e,n)},{root:(t=e).container===document?null:t.container,rootMargin:t.thresholds||t.threshold+"px"}))}function K(t){return Array.prototype.slice.call(t)}function Q(t){return t.container.querySelectorAll(t.elements_selector)}function W(t){return c(t)===_t}function X(t,e){return e=t||Q(e),K(e).filter(u)}function Y(e,t){var n;(n=Q(e),K(n).filter(W)).forEach(function(t){v(t,e.class_error),r(t)}),t.update()}function t(t,e){var n,a,t=i(t);this._settings=t,this.loadingCount=0,J(t,this),n=t,a=this,Z&&window.addEventListener("online",function(){Y(n,a)}),this.update(e)}var Z="undefined"!=typeof window,tt=Z&&!("onscroll"in window)||"undefined"!=typeof navigator&&/(gle|ing|ro)bot|crawl|spider/i.test(navigator.userAgent),et=Z&&"IntersectionObserver"in window,nt=Z&&"classList"in document.createElement("p"),at=Z&&1<window.devicePixelRatio,it={elements_selector:".lazy",container:tt||Z?document:null,threshold:300,thresholds:null,data_src:"src",data_srcset:"srcset",data_sizes:"sizes",data_bg:"bg",data_bg_hidpi:"bg-hidpi",data_bg_multi:"bg-multi",data_bg_multi_hidpi:"bg-multi-hidpi",data_poster:"poster",class_applied:"applied",class_loading:"litespeed-loading",class_loaded:"litespeed-loaded",class_error:"error",class_entered:"entered",class_exited:"exited",unobserve_completed:!0,unobserve_entered:!1,cancel_on_exit:!0,callback_enter:null,callback_exit:null,callback_applied:null,callback_loading:null,callback_loaded:null,callback_error:null,callback_finish:null,callback_cancel:null,use_native:!1},ot="src",rt="srcset",ct="sizes",lt="poster",st="llOriginalAttrs",ut="loading",dt="loaded",ft="applied",_t="error",vt="native",gt="data-",bt="ll-status",pt=[ut,dt,ft,_t],ht=[ot],mt=[ot,lt],Et=[ot,rt,ct],It={IMG:function(t,e){m(t,function(t){A(t,Et),x(t,e)}),A(t,Et),x(t,e)},IFRAME:function(t,e){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))},VIDEO:function(t,e){a(t,function(t){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}),A(t,mt),w(t,lt,l(t,e.data_poster)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src)),t.load()}},yt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"],At={IMG:P,IFRAME:function(t){k(t,ht)},VIDEO:function(t){a(t,function(t){k(t,ht)}),k(t,mt),t.load()}},kt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"];return t.prototype={update:function(t){var e,n,a,i=this._settings,o=X(t,i);{if(h(this,o.length),!tt&&et)return H(i)?(e=i,n=this,o.forEach(function(t){-1!==kt.indexOf(t.tagName)&&F(t,e,n)}),void h(n,0)):(t=this._observer,i=o,t.disconnect(),a=t,void i.forEach(function(t){a.observe(t)}));this.loadAll(o)}},destroy:function(){this._observer&&this._observer.disconnect(),Q(this._settings).forEach(function(t){y(t)}),delete this._observer,delete this._settings,delete this.loadingCount,delete this.toLoadCount},loadAll:function(t){var e=this,n=this._settings;X(t,n).forEach(function(t){b(t,e),V(t,n,e)})},restoreAll:function(){var e=this._settings;Q(e).forEach(function(t){U(t,e)})}},t.load=function(t,e){e=i(e);V(t,e)},t.resetStatus=function(t){r(t)},Z&&function(t,e){if(e)if(e.length)for(var n,a=0;n=e[a];a+=1)o(t,n);else o(t,e)}(t,window.lazyLoadOptions),t});!function(e,t){"use strict";function a(){t.body.classList.add("litespeed_lazyloaded")}function n(){console.log("[LiteSpeed] Start Lazy Load Images"),d=new LazyLoad({elements_selector:"[data-lazyloaded]",callback_finish:a}),o=function(){d.update()},e.MutationObserver&&new MutationObserver(o).observe(t.documentElement,{childList:!0,subtree:!0,attributes:!0})}var d,o;e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener("load",n,!1):e.attachEvent("onload",n)}(window,document);</script><script data-optimized="1" src="https://eturama.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/ec8269f76d3a1df8c05f795a899b6862.js?ver=9778c"></script></body></p> <div class="saboxplugin-wrap" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemscope itemprop="author"><div class="saboxplugin-tab"><div class="saboxplugin-gravatar"><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" alt='Julien' data-src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e75bb459c00aaf9453587894e8c6bc6e?s=100&d=mm&r=g' data-srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e75bb459c00aaf9453587894e8c6bc6e?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' itemprop="image" decoding='async'/><noscript><img alt='Julien' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e75bb459c00aaf9453587894e8c6bc6e?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e75bb459c00aaf9453587894e8c6bc6e?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' itemprop="image" decoding='async'/></noscript></div><div class="saboxplugin-authorname"><a href="https://eturama.com/author/admin_eturama/" class="vcard author" rel="author"><span class="fn">Julien</span></a></div><div class="saboxplugin-desc"><div itemprop="description"><p>Bonjour à tous,</p> <p>Je suis conseiller d’orientation professionnelle depuis 2006, je suis un expert dans l’évaluation des résultats des tests psychométriques utilisés pour orienter les étudiants dans la voix professionnelle. </p> <p>Le fait d’être rédacteur pour eturama.com m’a permis d’accroître mes talents dans ce domaine tout en partageant avec tous.</p> <p>En tant que professionnel, j’apprécie les occasions de partage et les chances de contribuer à l’avancement de mon secteur. C’est l’occasion de contribuer à l’enseignement de la future génération de conseillers d’orientation.</p> </div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div></div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="ct-comments-container"><div class="ct-container-narrow"> <div class="ct-comments" id="comments"> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h2 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Laisser un commentaire<span class="ct-cancel-reply"><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/amour-citations-et-phrases-positives/#respond" style="display:none;">Annuler la réponse</a></span></h2><form action="https://eturama.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form has-website-field has-labels-inside" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Votre adresse e-mail ne sera pas publiée.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Les champs obligatoires sont indiqués avec <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-field-input-author"> <label for="author">Nom <b class="required"> *</b></label> <input id="author" name="author" type="text" value="" size="30" required='required'> </p> <p class="comment-form-field-input-email"> <label for="email">E-mail <b class="required"> *</b></label> <input id="email" name="email" type="text" value="" size="30" required='required'> </p> <p class="comment-form-field-input-url"> <label for="url">Site web</label> <input id="url" name="url" type="text" value="" size="30"> </p> <p class="comment-form-field-textarea"> <label for="comment">Ajouter un commentaire<b class="required"> *</b></label> <textarea id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" required="required"></textarea> </p><p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes"><label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Enregistrer mon nom, e-mail, et site web dans ce navigateur pour la prochaine fois que je commente.</label></p> <p class="gdpr-confirm-policy"> <input name="ct_has_gdprconfirm" type="hidden" value="yes"> <input id="gdprconfirm_comment" class="ct-checkbox" name="gdprconfirm" type="checkbox" required><label for="gdprconfirm_comment">J’accepte la <a href="/privacy-policy">politique de confidentialité</a></label> </p> <p class="form-submit"><button type="submit" name="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Laisser un commentaire">Laisser un commentaire</button> <input type='hidden' name='comment_post_ID' value='3973' id='comment_post_ID' /> <input type='hidden' name='comment_parent' id='comment_parent' value='0' /> </p></form> </div> </div> </div></div> <section class="ct-trending-block ct-hidden-sm" > <div class="ct-container" data-page="1"> <h3 class="ct-block-title"> Tendance maintenant <svg width="13" height="13" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"><polyline points="23 6 13.5 15.5 8.5 10.5 1 18"></polyline><polyline points="17 6 23 6 23 12"></polyline></svg> <span class="ct-arrow-left"> </span> <span class="ct-arrow-right"> </span> </h3> <a href="https://eturama.com/quest-ce-qualphorm/" ><div class="ct-image-container"><img data-lazyloaded="1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=" width="150" height="150" data-src="https://eturama.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/npxxwgq33zq-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Qu'est-ce qu'Alphorm?" decoding="async" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" /><noscript><img width="150" height="150" src="https://eturama.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/npxxwgq33zq-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="Qu'est-ce qu'Alphorm?" decoding="async" itemprop="image" style="aspect-ratio: 1/1;" /></noscript></div><span class="ct-item-title" >Qu’est-ce qu’Alphorm?</span></a><a href="https://eturama.com/liban-moyen-orient-fiches-pays-2/" ><span class="ct-item-title" >Liban – Moyen-Orient – Fiches pays</span></a><a href="https://eturama.com/maldives-asie-fiches-pays/" ><span class="ct-item-title" >Maldives – Asie – Fiches pays</span></a><a href="https://eturama.com/aruba-amerique-centrale-et-caraibes-fiches-pays/" ><span class="ct-item-title" >Aruba – Amérique Centrale et Caraïbes – Fiches pays</span></a> </div> </section> </main> <footer id="footer" class="ct-footer" data-id="type-1" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter" ><div data-row="top" ><div class="ct-container" ><div data-column="socials" > <div class="ct-footer-socials" data-id="socials" > <div class="ct-social-box" data-icon-size="custom" data-color="custom" data-icons-type="simple" > <a href="#" data-network="facebook" aria-label="Facebook" rel="noopener" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M20,10.1c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10S0,4.5,0,10.1c0,5,3.7,9.1,8.4,9.9v-7H5.9v-2.9h2.5V7.9C8.4,5.4,9.9,4,12.2,4c1.1,0,2.2,0.2,2.2,0.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2,0-1.6,0.8-1.6,1.6v1.9h2.8L13.9,13h-2.3v7C16.3,19.2,20,15.1,20,10.1z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" data-network="twitter" aria-label="X (Twitter)" rel="noopener" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M2.9 0C1.3 0 0 1.3 0 2.9v14.3C0 18.7 1.3 20 2.9 20h14.3c1.6 0 2.9-1.3 2.9-2.9V2.9C20 1.3 18.7 0 17.1 0H2.9zm13.2 3.8L11.5 9l5.5 7.2h-4.3l-3.3-4.4-3.8 4.4H3.4l5-5.7-5.3-6.7h4.4l3 4 3.5-4h2.1zM14.4 15 6.8 5H5.6l7.7 10h1.1z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" data-network="instagram" aria-label="Instagram" rel="noopener" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <circle cx="10" cy="10" r="3.3"/> <path d="M14.2,0H5.8C2.6,0,0,2.6,0,5.8v8.3C0,17.4,2.6,20,5.8,20h8.3c3.2,0,5.8-2.6,5.8-5.8V5.8C20,2.6,17.4,0,14.2,0zM10,15c-2.8,0-5-2.2-5-5s2.2-5,5-5s5,2.2,5,5S12.8,15,10,15z M15.8,5C15.4,5,15,4.6,15,4.2s0.4-0.8,0.8-0.8s0.8,0.4,0.8,0.8S16.3,5,15.8,5z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" data-network="pinterest" aria-label="Pinterest" rel="noopener" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20px" height="20px" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M10,0C4.5,0,0,4.5,0,10c0,4.1,2.5,7.6,6,9.2c0-0.7,0-1.5,0.2-2.3c0.2-0.8,1.3-5.4,1.3-5.4s-0.3-0.6-0.3-1.6c0-1.5,0.9-2.6,1.9-2.6c0.9,0,1.3,0.7,1.3,1.5c0,0.9-0.6,2.3-0.9,3.5c-0.3,1.1,0.5,1.9,1.6,1.9c1.9,0,3.2-2.4,3.2-5.3c0-2.2-1.5-3.8-4.2-3.8c-3,0-4.9,2.3-4.9,4.8c0,0.9,0.3,1.5,0.7,2C6,12,6.1,12.1,6,12.4c0,0.2-0.2,0.6-0.2,0.8c-0.1,0.3-0.3,0.3-0.5,0.3c-1.4-0.6-2-2.1-2-3.8c0-2.8,2.4-6.2,7.1-6.2c3.8,0,6.3,2.8,6.3,5.7c0,3.9-2.2,6.9-5.4,6.9c-1.1,0-2.1-0.6-2.4-1.2c0,0-0.6,2.3-0.7,2.7c-0.2,0.8-0.6,1.5-1,2.1C8.1,19.9,9,20,10,20c5.5,0,10-4.5,10-10C20,4.5,15.5,0,10,0z"/> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" data-network="youtube" aria-label="YouTube" rel="noopener" > <span class="ct-icon-container" > <svg width="20" height="20" viewbox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M15,0H5C2.2,0,0,2.2,0,5v10c0,2.8,2.2,5,5,5h10c2.8,0,5-2.2,5-5V5C20,2.2,17.8,0,15,0z M14.5,10.9l-6.8,3.8c-0.1,0.1-0.3,0.1-0.5,0.1c-0.5,0-1-0.4-1-1l0,0V6.2c0-0.5,0.4-1,1-1c0.2,0,0.3,0,0.5,0.1l6.8,3.8c0.5,0.3,0.7,0.8,0.4,1.3C14.8,10.6,14.6,10.8,14.5,10.9z"/> </svg> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div><div data-column="menu" > <nav id="footer-menu" class="footer-menu-inline " data-id="menu" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" aria-label="Menu du pied de page"> <ul id="menu-secondary-menu" class="menu" role="menubar"><li id="menu-item-3111" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3111" role="none"><a href="#" class="ct-menu-link" role="menuitem">Partners</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3112" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3112" role="none"><a href="#" class="ct-menu-link" role="menuitem">Press</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3110" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3110" role="none"><a href="#" class="ct-menu-link" role="menuitem">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-3113" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3113" role="none"><a href="#" class="ct-menu-link" role="menuitem">Useful</a></li> </ul></nav> </div></div></div><div data-row="middle" ><div class="ct-container" ><div data-column="widget-area-1" ><div class="widget_text ct-widget widget_custom_html" id="custom_html-6"><div class="textwidget entry-content custom-html-widget"><a href="/encyclopedie/" title="Encyclopédie éducative"><b>Encyclopédie éducative</b></a><p><a href="/encyclopedie/la-reforme-lmd-61" title="La réforme LMD">La réforme LMD</a></p><p><a href="/encyclopedie/grades-universitaires-en-france-62" title="Grades universitaires en France">Grades universitaires en France</a></p><p><a href="/encyclopedie/dea-diplome-d-etudes-approfondies-63" title="DEA (Diplôme d'études approfondies)">DEA (Diplôme d'études approfondies)</a></p><p><a href="/encyclopedie/dess-diplome-d-etudes-superieures-specialisees-64" title="DESS (Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées)">DESS (Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées)</a></p><p><a href="/encyclopedie/bts-brevet-de-technicien-superieur-65" title="BTS (Brevet de technicien supérieur)">BTS (Brevet de technicien supérieur)</a></p><p><a href="/encyclopedie/cned-centre-national-d-enseignement-a-distance-66" title="Cned (Centre national d'enseignement à distance)">Cned (Centre national d'enseignement à distance)</a></p><p><a href="/encyclopedie/maitrise-france-67" title="Maîtrise (France)">Maîtrise (France)</a></p><p><a href="/encyclopedie/nomenclature-des-niveaux-de-formation-68" title="Nomenclature des niveaux de formation">Nomenclature des niveaux de formation</a></p></div></div></div><div data-column="widget-area-2" ><div class="widget_text ct-widget widget_custom_html" id="custom_html-7"><div class="textwidget entry-content custom-html-widget"><a href="/metiers/" title="Fiches métier"><b>Fiches métier</b></a><p><a href="/metiers/modiste-226" title="Modiste">Modiste</a></p><p><a href="/metiers/chapelier-227" title="Chapelier">Chapelier</a></p><p><a href="/metiers/formier-228" title="Formier">Formier</a></p><p><a href="/metiers/modeliste-229" title="Modéliste">Modéliste</a></p><p><a href="/metiers/couturiere-theatre-230" title="Couturière (théâtre)">Couturière (théâtre)</a></p><p><a href="/metiers/styliste-231" title="Styliste">Styliste</a></p><p><a href="/metiers/sellier-232" title="Sellier">Sellier</a></p><p><a href="/metiers/tailleur-233" title="Tailleur">Tailleur</a></p></div></div></div><div data-column="widget-area-3" ><div class="widget_text ct-widget widget_custom_html" id="custom_html-8"><div class="textwidget entry-content custom-html-widget"><a href="/fiches-pays/" title="Fiches pays"><b>Fiches pays</b></a><p><a href="/fiches-pays/guinee-bissau-375" title="Guinée-Bissau">Guinée-Bissau</a></p><p><a href="/fiches-pays/guyane-376" title="Guyane">Guyane</a></p><p><a href="/fiches-pays/haiti-377" title="Haïti">Haïti</a></p><p><a href="/fiches-pays/iles-entendues-de-mcdonald-378" title="Iles entendues de McDonald">Iles entendues de McDonald</a></p><p><a href="/fiches-pays/saint-siege-vatican-379" title="Saint-siège (Vatican)">Saint-siège (Vatican)</a></p><p><a href="/fiches-pays/honduras-380" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></p><p><a href="/fiches-pays/hong-kong-381" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></p><p><a href="/fiches-pays/ile-de-howland-382" title="Ile de Howland">Ile de Howland</a></p></div></div></div></div></div><div data-row="bottom" ><div class="ct-container" data-columns-divider="md:sm" ><div data-column="copyright" > <div class="ct-footer-copyright" data-id="copyright" > <p>Copyright © 2023 Eturama. <a href="https://www.eturama.com/plan-de-site/">Plan de site</a></p></div> </div></div></div></footer></div> <script data-no-optimize="1">!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(e):(t="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:t||self).LazyLoad=e()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(){return(e=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n,a=arguments[e];for(n in a)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(a,n)&&(t[n]=a[n])}return t}).apply(this,arguments)}function i(t){return e({},it,t)}function o(t,e){var n,a="LazyLoad::Initialized",i=new t(e);try{n=new CustomEvent(a,{detail:{instance:i}})}catch(t){(n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent")).initCustomEvent(a,!1,!1,{instance:i})}window.dispatchEvent(n)}function l(t,e){return t.getAttribute(gt+e)}function c(t){return l(t,bt)}function s(t,e){return function(t,e,n){e=gt+e;null!==n?t.setAttribute(e,n):t.removeAttribute(e)}(t,bt,e)}function r(t){return s(t,null),0}function u(t){return null===c(t)}function d(t){return c(t)===vt}function f(t,e,n,a){t&&(void 0===a?void 0===n?t(e):t(e,n):t(e,n,a))}function _(t,e){nt?t.classList.add(e):t.className+=(t.className?" ":"")+e}function v(t,e){nt?t.classList.remove(e):t.className=t.className.replace(new RegExp("(^|\\s+)"+e+"(\\s+|$)")," ").replace(/^\s+/,"").replace(/\s+$/,"")}function g(t){return t.llTempImage}function b(t,e){!e||(e=e._observer)&&e.unobserve(t)}function p(t,e){t&&(t.loadingCount+=e)}function h(t,e){t&&(t.toLoadCount=e)}function n(t){for(var e,n=[],a=0;e=t.children[a];a+=1)"SOURCE"===e.tagName&&n.push(e);return n}function m(t,e){(t=t.parentNode)&&"PICTURE"===t.tagName&&n(t).forEach(e)}function a(t,e){n(t).forEach(e)}function E(t){return!!t[st]}function I(t){return t[st]}function y(t){return delete t[st]}function A(e,t){var n;E(e)||(n={},t.forEach(function(t){n[t]=e.getAttribute(t)}),e[st]=n)}function k(a,t){var i;E(a)&&(i=I(a),t.forEach(function(t){var e,n;e=a,(t=i[n=t])?e.setAttribute(n,t):e.removeAttribute(n)}))}function L(t,e,n){_(t,e.class_loading),s(t,ut),n&&(p(n,1),f(e.callback_loading,t,n))}function w(t,e,n){n&&t.setAttribute(e,n)}function x(t,e){w(t,ct,l(t,e.data_sizes)),w(t,rt,l(t,e.data_srcset)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}function O(t,e,n){var a=l(t,e.data_bg_multi),i=l(t,e.data_bg_multi_hidpi);(a=at&&i?i:a)&&(t.style.backgroundImage=a,n=n,_(t=t,(e=e).class_applied),s(t,ft),n&&(e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,e),f(e.callback_applied,t,n)))}function N(t,e){!e||0<e.loadingCount||0<e.toLoadCount||f(t.callback_finish,e)}function C(t,e,n){t.addEventListener(e,n),t.llEvLisnrs[e]=n}function M(t){return!!t.llEvLisnrs}function z(t){if(M(t)){var e,n,a=t.llEvLisnrs;for(e in a){var i=a[e];n=e,i=i,t.removeEventListener(n,i)}delete t.llEvLisnrs}}function R(t,e,n){var a;delete t.llTempImage,p(n,-1),(a=n)&&--a.toLoadCount,v(t,e.class_loading),e.unobserve_completed&&b(t,n)}function T(o,r,c){var l=g(o)||o;M(l)||function(t,e,n){M(t)||(t.llEvLisnrs={});var a="VIDEO"===t.tagName?"loadeddata":"load";C(t,a,e),C(t,"error",n)}(l,function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_loaded),s(e,dt),f(n.callback_loaded,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)},function(t){var e,n,a,i;n=r,a=c,i=d(e=o),R(e,n,a),_(e,n.class_error),s(e,_t),f(n.callback_error,e,a),i||N(n,a),z(l)})}function G(t,e,n){var a,i,o,r,c;t.llTempImage=document.createElement("IMG"),T(t,e,n),E(c=t)||(c[st]={backgroundImage:c.style.backgroundImage}),o=n,r=l(a=t,(i=e).data_bg),c=l(a,i.data_bg_hidpi),(r=at&&c?c:r)&&(a.style.backgroundImage='url("'.concat(r,'")'),g(a).setAttribute(ot,r),L(a,i,o)),O(t,e,n)}function D(t,e,n){var a;T(t,e,n),a=e,e=n,(t=It[(n=t).tagName])&&(t(n,a),L(n,a,e))}function V(t,e,n){var a;a=t,(-1<yt.indexOf(a.tagName)?D:G)(t,e,n)}function F(t,e,n){var a;t.setAttribute("loading","lazy"),T(t,e,n),a=e,(e=It[(n=t).tagName])&&e(n,a),s(t,vt)}function j(t){t.removeAttribute(ot),t.removeAttribute(rt),t.removeAttribute(ct)}function P(t){m(t,function(t){k(t,Et)}),k(t,Et)}function S(t){var e;(e=At[t.tagName])?e(t):E(e=t)&&(t=I(e),e.style.backgroundImage=t.backgroundImage)}function U(t,e){var n;S(t),n=e,u(e=t)||d(e)||(v(e,n.class_entered),v(e,n.class_exited),v(e,n.class_applied),v(e,n.class_loading),v(e,n.class_loaded),v(e,n.class_error)),r(t),y(t)}function $(t,e,n,a){var i;n.cancel_on_exit&&(c(t)!==ut||"IMG"===t.tagName&&(z(t),m(i=t,function(t){j(t)}),j(i),P(t),v(t,n.class_loading),p(a,-1),r(t),f(n.callback_cancel,t,e,a)))}function q(t,e,n,a){var i,o,r=(o=t,0<=pt.indexOf(c(o)));s(t,"entered"),_(t,n.class_entered),v(t,n.class_exited),i=t,o=a,n.unobserve_entered&&b(i,o),f(n.callback_enter,t,e,a),r||V(t,n,a)}function H(t){return t.use_native&&"loading"in HTMLImageElement.prototype}function B(t,i,o){t.forEach(function(t){return(a=t).isIntersecting||0<a.intersectionRatio?q(t.target,t,i,o):(e=t.target,n=t,a=i,t=o,void(u(e)||(_(e,a.class_exited),$(e,n,a,t),f(a.callback_exit,e,n,t))));var e,n,a})}function J(e,n){var t;et&&!H(e)&&(n._observer=new IntersectionObserver(function(t){B(t,e,n)},{root:(t=e).container===document?null:t.container,rootMargin:t.thresholds||t.threshold+"px"}))}function K(t){return Array.prototype.slice.call(t)}function Q(t){return t.container.querySelectorAll(t.elements_selector)}function W(t){return c(t)===_t}function X(t,e){return e=t||Q(e),K(e).filter(u)}function Y(e,t){var n;(n=Q(e),K(n).filter(W)).forEach(function(t){v(t,e.class_error),r(t)}),t.update()}function t(t,e){var n,a,t=i(t);this._settings=t,this.loadingCount=0,J(t,this),n=t,a=this,Z&&window.addEventListener("online",function(){Y(n,a)}),this.update(e)}var Z="undefined"!=typeof window,tt=Z&&!("onscroll"in window)||"undefined"!=typeof navigator&&/(gle|ing|ro)bot|crawl|spider/i.test(navigator.userAgent),et=Z&&"IntersectionObserver"in window,nt=Z&&"classList"in document.createElement("p"),at=Z&&1<window.devicePixelRatio,it={elements_selector:".lazy",container:tt||Z?document:null,threshold:300,thresholds:null,data_src:"src",data_srcset:"srcset",data_sizes:"sizes",data_bg:"bg",data_bg_hidpi:"bg-hidpi",data_bg_multi:"bg-multi",data_bg_multi_hidpi:"bg-multi-hidpi",data_poster:"poster",class_applied:"applied",class_loading:"litespeed-loading",class_loaded:"litespeed-loaded",class_error:"error",class_entered:"entered",class_exited:"exited",unobserve_completed:!0,unobserve_entered:!1,cancel_on_exit:!0,callback_enter:null,callback_exit:null,callback_applied:null,callback_loading:null,callback_loaded:null,callback_error:null,callback_finish:null,callback_cancel:null,use_native:!1},ot="src",rt="srcset",ct="sizes",lt="poster",st="llOriginalAttrs",ut="loading",dt="loaded",ft="applied",_t="error",vt="native",gt="data-",bt="ll-status",pt=[ut,dt,ft,_t],ht=[ot],mt=[ot,lt],Et=[ot,rt,ct],It={IMG:function(t,e){m(t,function(t){A(t,Et),x(t,e)}),A(t,Et),x(t,e)},IFRAME:function(t,e){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))},VIDEO:function(t,e){a(t,function(t){A(t,ht),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src))}),A(t,mt),w(t,lt,l(t,e.data_poster)),w(t,ot,l(t,e.data_src)),t.load()}},yt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"],At={IMG:P,IFRAME:function(t){k(t,ht)},VIDEO:function(t){a(t,function(t){k(t,ht)}),k(t,mt),t.load()}},kt=["IMG","IFRAME","VIDEO"];return t.prototype={update:function(t){var e,n,a,i=this._settings,o=X(t,i);{if(h(this,o.length),!tt&&et)return H(i)?(e=i,n=this,o.forEach(function(t){-1!==kt.indexOf(t.tagName)&&F(t,e,n)}),void h(n,0)):(t=this._observer,i=o,t.disconnect(),a=t,void i.forEach(function(t){a.observe(t)}));this.loadAll(o)}},destroy:function(){this._observer&&this._observer.disconnect(),Q(this._settings).forEach(function(t){y(t)}),delete this._observer,delete this._settings,delete this.loadingCount,delete this.toLoadCount},loadAll:function(t){var e=this,n=this._settings;X(t,n).forEach(function(t){b(t,e),V(t,n,e)})},restoreAll:function(){var e=this._settings;Q(e).forEach(function(t){U(t,e)})}},t.load=function(t,e){e=i(e);V(t,e)},t.resetStatus=function(t){r(t)},Z&&function(t,e){if(e)if(e.length)for(var n,a=0;n=e[a];a+=1)o(t,n);else o(t,e)}(t,window.lazyLoadOptions),t});!function(e,t){"use strict";function a(){t.body.classList.add("litespeed_lazyloaded")}function n(){console.log("[LiteSpeed] Start Lazy Load Images"),d=new LazyLoad({elements_selector:"[data-lazyloaded]",callback_finish:a}),o=function(){d.update()},e.MutationObserver&&new MutationObserver(o).observe(t.documentElement,{childList:!0,subtree:!0,attributes:!0})}var d,o;e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener("load",n,!1):e.attachEvent("onload",n)}(window,document);</script><script data-optimized="1" src="https://eturama.com/wp-content/litespeed/js/ec8269f76d3a1df8c05f795a899b6862.js?ver=9778c"></script></body> </html>

Amour – Citations et phrases positives

Ressources pratiques

Guide Ã©tudiant

Liens sÃ©lectionnÃ©s

Plus de services

VidÃ©os Ã©tudiantes

Citations et phrases positives